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The call for the First Crusade touched off the Rhineland massacres also known as the German Crusade of 1096, the persecutions of 1096 or Gezeroth Tatenu〔David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, p.279-310〕 ''גזרות תתנ"ו'' - Hebrew for the edicts of 856, which occurred during the year of 4856 according to the Jewish calendar. Prominent leaders of crusaders involved in the massacres included Peter the Hermit and especially Count Emicho. As part of this persecution, the destruction of Jewish communities in Speyer, Worms and Mainz were noted as the "Hurban Shum" (Destruction of Shum).〔Shum Hebrew: שו"ם were the letters of the three towns as pronounced at the time in old French: Shaperra, Wermieza and Magenzza.〕 These were new persecutions of the Jews in which peasant crusaders from France and Germany attacked Jewish communities. A number of historians refer to the antisemitic events as "pogroms".〔Sources describing these attacks as pogroms include: * Richard S. Levy. ''Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution'', ABC-CLIO, 2005, ISBN 9781851094394. p. 153. * Christopher Tyerman. ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'', Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 9780674023871, p. 100. * Israel Jacob Yuval. ''Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages'', University of California Press, 2008, ISBN 9780520258181, p. 186. * Nikolas Jaspert. ''The Crusades'', Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 9780415359672, p. 39. * Louis Arthur Berman. ''The Akedah: The Binding of Isaac'', Jason Aronson, 1997, ISBN 9781568218991, p. 92. * Anna Sapir Abulafia, "Crusades", in Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn. ''A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 9780521826921, p. 116. * Ian Davies. ''Teaching the Holocaust: Educational Dimensions, Principles and Practice'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 9780826448514, p. 17. * Avner Falk. ''A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews'', Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1996, ISBN 9780838636602, p. 410. * Hugo Slim. ''Killing Civilians: Method, Madness, and Morality in War'', Columbia University Press, 2010, ISBN 9780231700375, p. 47. * Richard A. Fletcher. ''The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity'', University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 9780520218598, p. 318. * David Biale. ''Power & Powerlessness in Jewish History''. Random House, 2010, ISBN 9780307772534, p. 65. * I. S. Robinson. ''Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780521545907, p. 318.〕 According to David Nirenberg,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=David Nirenberg | Department of History | The University of Chicago )〕 the events of 1096 in the Rhineland "occupy a significant place in modern Jewish historiography and are often presented as the first instance of an antisemitism that would henceforth never be forgotten and whose climax was the Holocaust."〔(Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, page 279 ) Chapter 13, The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern, by David Nirenberg〕 ==Background== The preaching of the First Crusade inspired an outbreak of anti-Jewish violence. In parts of France and Germany, Jews were perceived as just as much an enemy as Muslims: they were held responsible for the crucifixion, and they were more immediately visible than the distant Muslims. Many people wondered why they should travel thousands of miles to fight non-believers when there were already non-believers closer to home.〔 C. Tyerman, The Crusades, p.99〕 It is also likely that the crusaders were motivated by their need for money. The Rhineland communities were relatively wealthy, both due to their isolation, and because they were not restricted as Catholics were against moneylending. Many crusaders had to go into debt in order to purchase weaponry and equipment for the expedition; as Western Catholicism strictly forbade usury, many crusaders inevitably found themselves indebted to Jewish moneylenders. Having armed themselves by assuming the debt, the crusaders rationalized the killing of Jews as an extension of their Catholic mission.〔Hans Mayer. "The Crusades" (Oxford University Press: 1988) p. 41.〕 There had not been so broad a movement against Jews by Catholics since the seventh century's mass expulsions and forced conversions. While there had been a number of regional persecutions of Jews by Catholics, such as the one in Metz in 888, a plot against Jews in Limoges in 992, a wave of anti-Jewish persecution by Christian millenniary movements (who believed that Jesus was set to descend from Heaven) in the year 1000, and the threat of expulsion from Treves in 1066; these are all viewed “in the traditional terms of governmental outlawry rather than unbridled popular attacks.” Also many movements against Jews (such as forced conversions by King Robert the Pious of France, Richard II, Duke of Normandy, and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor around 1007–1012) had been quashed by either Roman Catholicism’s Papacy or its Bishops.〔 The passions aroused in the Catholic populace by Urban II’s call for the first crusade moved persecution of Jews into a new chapter in history where these previous constraints no longer held. The extent of the era's antisemitism is apparent in Godfrey of Bouillon, who swore Emperor Henry IV (after being notified of the pledge by Kalonymus Ben Meshullam the Jewish leader in Mainz) issued an order prohibiting such an action. Godfrey claimed he never really intended to kill Jews, but the community in Mainz and Cologne sent him a collected bribe of 500 silver marks. Sigebert of Gembloux wrote that before "a war in behalf of the Lord" could be fought it was essential that the Jews convert; those who resisted were "deprived of their goods, massacred, and expelled from the cities."〔 The first outbreaks of violence occurred in France. A contemporary chronicle of events written by an anonymous author in Mainz wrote Richard of Poitiers wrote that Jewish persecution was widespread in France at the beginning of the expeditions to the east. The anonymous chronicler of Mainz admired the Jews In June and July 1095 Jewish communities in the Rhineland (north of the main departure areas at Neuss, Wevelinghoven, Altenahr, Xanten and Moers) were attacked, but the leadership and membership of these crusader groups was not chronicled. Some Jews dispersed eastward to escape the persecution. On top of the general Catholic suspicion of Jews at the time, when the thousands of French members of the People's Crusade arrived at the Rhine, they had run out of provisions. To restock their supplies, they began to plunder Jewish food and property while attempting to force them to convert to Catholicism.〔 Not all crusaders who had run out of supplies resorted to murder; some, like Peter the Hermit, used extortion instead. While no sources claim he preached against the Jews, he carried a letter with him from the Jews of France to the community at Trier. The letter urged them to supply provisions to Peter and his men. The ''Solomon bar Simson Chronicle'' records that they were so terrified by Peter’s appearance at the gates that they readily agreed to supply his needs.〔 Whatever Peter's own position on the Jews was, men claiming to follow after him felt free to massacre Jews on their own initiative, to pillage their possessions.〔 Sometimes Jews survived by being subjected to involuntary baptism, such as in Regensburg, where a crusading mob rounded up the Jewish community, forced them into the Danube, and performed a mass baptism. After the crusaders had left the region these Jews returned to practicing Judaism.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rhineland massacres」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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